“The Brahmins have, from the earliest ages, claimed the highest rank among men. They have taught that they proceeded from the mouth of God, while the inferior castes sprang from His lower members. By t...”

The census transforms Ward's moral judgment ("fraud," "ascendancy over millions") into apparently neutral sociological observation ("exercises considerable influence"). The content is identical — Brahmins control religion — but the bureaucratic language strips the missionary hostility, giving it the authority of state data.

“The caste system is the great barrier to the progress of Christianity in India. It pervades all Hindu society, and separates man from man with a rigidity which no other institution in the world can pa...”

Duff's frustration that caste blocks conversion leads to intensive missionary study of caste. This missionary ethnography directly shapes the census categories decades later — the bureaucratic "caste tables" are built on frameworks missionaries developed to understand why conversion failed.